Clothing Ffc Teacher Resource Guide Fashion Designers Answers

Fine art of applying pattern and aesthetics to clothing and accessories

Style designers in 1974 in Dresden.

Fashion design is the art of applying design, aesthetics, clothing construction and natural beauty to clothing and its accessories. It is influenced past culture and dissimilar trends, and has varied over time and place. "A fashion designer creates clothing, including dresses, suits, pants, and skirts, and accessories like shoes and handbags, for consumers. He or she can specialize in wear, accompaniment, or jewelry design, or may work in more than than one of these areas."^[one]

Fashion designers typically use a rails of models to showcase their work.

Fashion designers [edit]

Fashion designers piece of work in a diversity of dissimilar ways when designing their pieces and accessories such equally rings, bracelets, necklaces and earrings. Considering of the time required to put a garment out in marketplace, designers must anticipate changes to consumer desires. Fashion designers are responsible for creating looks for individual garments, involving shape, color, cloth, trimming, and more than.^[ii]  Fashion designers play a major function in our world. Their talent and vision play a big role on how people nowadays themselves.

Designers conduct research on fashion trends and interpret them for their audience. Their specific designs are used by manufacturers. This is the essence of a designer's role; however, in that location is variation within this that is determined by the buying and merchandising approach. When thinking of product quality command upkeep retailers apply inexpensive fabrics to have a quick turn effectually on product, but loftier-finish retailers volition ensure that the best available fabrics are used and lots of fourth dimension is utilized.^[3]

Way designers attempt to design dress which are functional equally well equally aesthetically pleasing. They consider who is probable to habiliment a garment and the situations in which it will be worn, and they work within a wide range of materials, colors, patterns and styles. Though nigh habiliment worn for everyday wearable falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening vesture or political party dresses.

Some wearing apparel are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, near clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-24-hour interval wear are called ready to wear or known as fast mode.

Teaching [edit]

To become a fashion designer there is grooming and certifications that volition help you succeed in this profession. All the same, yous don't need a higher degree, just experience and honey for style is ideal in this manufacture. An assembly or bachelors degree in fashion design would help in this success. "Equally a style blueprint major, you will have classes in colour, textiles, sewing and tailoring, pattern making, mode history, and estimator-aided design (CAD) and acquire nigh different types of clothing such as menswear or footwear " .^[2] When receiving education it will help new fashion designers understand every important detail in fashion and designing dress and footwear. As well, it will be benign for new fashion designers to complete an internship, it will give new fashion designers good experiences while assisting a fashion designer and have access to the globe of fashion.

Structure [edit]

Fashion designers may work full-fourth dimension for one fashion business firm, as 'in-house designers', which owns the designs, or they work alone or as part of a team. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. Most mode designers set up their own labels, nether which their designs are marketed. While others are cocky-employed and pattern for private clients. Other high-stop manner designers cater to specialty stores or high-end fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, equally well as those that follow established manner trends. Near style designers, however, piece of work for wearing apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men's, women's, and children'south fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a 'proper name' as their make such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to be designed past a team of private designers nether the direction of a design director.

Designing a garment [edit]

Fashion designers work in unlike ways. Some sketch their ideas on newspaper, while others curtain material on a wearing apparel form, another term for mannequine. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), they will consult a professional blueprint maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of menu or via a computer program. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure information technology is an operational outfit.

History [edit]

Fashion pattern is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the start designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing pattern and cosmos was handled by largely bearding seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their atomic number 82 as earlier dressmakers had washed. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time catamenia are studied by academics every bit costume design, only clothing created afterward 1858 is considered as manner pattern.^[4]

It was during this menstruation that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or pigment designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their design, they ordered information technology and the resulting garment made coin for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economy.

Types of fashion [edit]

Garments produced by wear manufacturers fall into three primary categories, although these may exist separate into boosted, different types

Haute couture [edit]

Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific customer. A couture garment is fabricated to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with farthermost attention to detail and terminate, oftentimes using time-consuming, mitt-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the toll of materials and the time it takes to make.^{[5] [half dozen]} Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, only is important for prestige and publicity.^[7]

Ready-to-wear (prêt-à-porter) [edit]

Set up-to-vesture, or prêt-à-porter, clothes are a cantankerous between haute couture and mass market. They are non fabricated for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the material. Apparel are made in modest quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Set-to-habiliment collections are normally presented by manner houses each season during a catamenia known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a citywide footing and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include: spring/summer, autumn/wintertime, resort, swim, and bridal.

Half-mode garments are an alternative to gear up-to-clothing, "off-the-peg", or prêt-à-porter fashion. One-half-way garments are intentionally unfinished pieces of vesture that encourages co-design between the "chief designer" of the garment, and what would unremarkably be considered, the passive "consumer".^[8] This differs from prepare-to-wear style, as the consumer is able to participate in the process of making and co-designing their clothing. During the Make{able} workshop, Hirscher and Niinimaki institute that personal involvement in the garment-making process created a meaningful "narrative" for the user, which established a person-product attachment and increased the sentimental value of the terminal product.^[eight]

Otto von Busch too explores one-half-manner garments and fashion co-pattern in his thesis, "Fashion-able, Hacktivism and engaged Fashion Design".^[ix]

Mass market [edit]

Currently, the fashion industry relies more on mass-market sales. The mass marketplace caters for a wide range of customers, producing set up-to-wear garments using trends prepare by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make certain a manner is going to catch on before producing their versions of the original await. To save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which tin can hands exist done past machines. The end product can, therefore, be sold much more cheaply.^{[10] [eleven] [12]}

There is a type of design called "kutch" originated from the German language word kitschig, meaning "trashy" or "not aesthetically pleasing". Kitsch can too refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion".^[13]

Income [edit]

Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The middle l per centum earned between $42,150 and $87,120.^[14] The lowest 10 percent earned less than $32,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£40,730.47) in apparel, piece goods, and notions - the industry employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.^[15] Every bit of 2016^[update],a fashion designer's median annual salary was $65,170. High finish designers can earn around $92,550. In 2016, 23,800 people were counted every bit fashion designers in the United states.^[16]

World mode industry [edit]

Manner today is a global industry, and about major countries have a fashion industry. Seven countries have established an international reputation in fashion: France, Italy, Uk, United States, Japan, Federal republic of germany and Belgium. The "big four" mode capitals of the fashion manufacture are Paris, Milan, New York City and London with Paris oft beingness considered as the Earth's fashion majuscule.^{[17] [18]}

United States [edit]

Style show at a fashion designing college, US, 2015

Well-nigh fashion houses in the U.s.a. are based in New York Urban center, with a high concentration centered in the Garment District neighborhood. On the U.s. west coast, at that place is besides a significant number of fashion houses in Los Angeles, where a substantial percentage of high fashion vesture manufactured in the United states of america is actually made. Beverly Hills, specially on Rodeo Drive, is globally renowned for its fashion design and prestigious shopping. Burgeoning industries in Miami, Chicago, Dallas, and especially San Francisco have developed every bit well. A semi-annual result held every February and September, New York Manner Calendar week, is the oldest of the four major style weeks held throughout the world. Parsons The New School for Design, located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City, is considered one of the height fashion schools in the globe. There are numerous style magazines published in the U.s. and distributed to a global readership. Examples include Faddy, Harper's Boutique, and Cosmopolitan.

American fashion design is highly diverse, reflecting the enormous ethnic diversity of the population, but is largely dominated past a clean-cut, urban, hip artful, and oftentimes favors a more casual style, reflecting the athletic, health-conscious lifestyles of the suburban and urban middle classes.

Famous American brands and designers include Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Omnibus, Nike, Vans, Marc Jacobs, Tommy Hilfiger, DKNY, Tom Ford, Caswell-Massey, Michael Kors, Levi Strauss and Co., Estée Lauder, Revlon, Kate Spade, Alexander Wang, Vera Wang, Victoria'due south Clandestine, Tiffany and Co., Antipodal, Oscar de la Renta, John Varvatos, Anna Sui, Prabal Gurung, Bill Blass, Halston, Carhartt, Brooks Brothers, Stuart Weitzman, Diane von Furstenberg, J. Crew, American Hawkeye Outfitters, Steve Madden, Abercrombie and Fitch, Juicy Couture, Thom Browne, Approximate, Supreme, and The Timberland Company.

Kingdom of belgium [edit]

In the tardily 1980s and early on 1990s, Belgian mode designers brought a new fashion paradigm that mixed E and W, and brought a highly individualised, personal vision on fashion. Well known Belgian designers are the Antwerp Six: Ann Demeulemeester, Dries Van Noten, Dirk Bikkembergs, Dirk Van Saene, Walter Van Beirendonck and Marina Yee, as well every bit Maison Martin Margiela, Raf Simons, Kris Van Assche, Bruno Pieters, Anthony Vaccarello.^[19]

United Kingdom [edit]

London has long been the capital of the Uk fashion manufacture and has a wide range of strange designs which have integrated with modernistic British styles. Typical, British pattern is smart simply innovative all the same recently has become more and more anarchistic, fusing traditional styles with modern techniques. Vintage styles play an important function in the British fashion and styling industry. Stylists regularly 'mix and match' the old with the new, which gives British fashion that unique, maverick aesthetic that many of the other way capitals endeavour to imitate. Irish fashion (both design and styling) is also heavily influenced by manner trends from Britain. Well known British designers are Thomas Burberry, Alfred Dunhill, Paul Smith, Vivienne Westwood, Stella McCartney, John Galliano, John Richmond, Alexander McQueen, Matthew Williamson, Gareth Pugh, Hussein Chalayan.

France [edit]

Nigh French manner houses are in Paris, which is the uppercase of French fashion. Traditionally, French mode is chic and stylish, divers past its sophistication, cut, and smart accessories. French fashion is internationally acclaimed.

Spain [edit]

Madrid and Barcelona are the main fashion cities of Kingdom of spain. Spanish fashion is often more conservative and traditional but too more 'timeless' than other way cultures. Spaniards are known not to take slap-up risks when dressing.^{[20] [21]} Nonetheless, many are the style brands and designers coming from Kingdom of spain.

The most notable luxury houses are Loewe and Balenciaga. Famous designers include Manolo Blahnik, Elio Berhanyer, Cristóbal Balenciaga, Paco Rabanne, Adolfo Domínguez, Manuel Pertegaz, Jesús del Pozo, Felipe Varela and Agatha Ruiz de la Prada.

Kingdom of spain is too dwelling to large fashion brands such as Zara, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Pull&Behave, Mango, Desigual, Pepe Jeans and Camper.

Germany [edit]

Berlin is the eye of fashion in Germany (prominently displayed at Berlin Fashion Week), while Düsseldorf holds Europe'south largest fashion merchandise fairs with Igedo. Other important centres of the scene are Munich, Hamburg, and Cologne. German fashion is famed for its elegant lines as well as unconventional young designs and the smashing variety of styles.

Italy [edit]

Milan is Italy'southward style uppercase. Near of the older Italian couturiers are in Rome. However, Milan and Florence are the Italian fashion capitals, and it is the exhibition venue for their collections. Italian mode features casual and glamorous elegance. In Italy Milan Fashion week takes places twices a week in Feb and September. Milan Style week puts fashion in the spotlight and celebrates it in the heart of Milan with style lovers, buyers and media.

^[22]

Japan [edit]

Near Japanese way houses are in Tokyo. The Japanese look is loose and unstructured (oft resulting from complicated cutting), colours tend to the sombre and subtle, and richly textured fabrics. Famous Japanese designers include Kenzo Takada, Issey Miyake, Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo.

Prc [edit]

Hong Kong wear brand Shanghai Tang's design concept is inspired by Chinese clothing and ready out to rejuvenate Chinese fashion of the 1920s and 30s, with a modern twist of the 21st century and its usage of vivid colours.^[23]

Soviet Union [edit]

Mode in the Soviet Matrimony largely followed general trends of the Western globe. Still, the state'southward socialist ideology consistently moderated and influenced these trends. In add-on, shortages of consumer goods meant that the general public did not have fix access to pre-made manner.

Switzerland [edit]

Most of the Swiss mode houses are in Zürich.^[24] The Swiss look is casual elegant and luxurious with a slight touch of quirkiness. Additionally, it has been greatly influenced by the trip the light fantastic gild scene.

Mexico [edit]

In the evolution of Mexican indigenous apparel, the fabrication was determined past the materials and resources that are available in specific regions, impacting the "fabric, shape and construction of a people's clothing".^[25] Textiles were created from constitute fibers including cotton and agave. Class condition differentiated what cloth was worn. Mexican dress was influenced past geometric shapes to create the silhouettes. Huipil a blouse characterized by a "loose, sleeveless tunic made of two or iii joined webs of cloth sewn lengthwise"^[26] is an important historical garment, often seen today. After the Spanish Conquest, traditional Mexican habiliment shifted to have a Spanish resemblance.

Mexican ethnic groups rely on specific embroidery and colors to differentiate themselves from each other.^[27]

Mexican Pink is a significant colour to the identity of Mexican art and design and general spirit. The term "Rosa Mexicano" as described past Ramón Valdiosera was established by prominent figures such as Dolores del Río and designer Ramón Val in New York.^[27]

When newspapers and magazines such as El Imparcial and El Mundo Ilustrado circulated in Mexico, became a significant movement, equally it informed the large cities, such as United mexican states City, of European fashions. This encouraged the founding of section stores, irresolute the existent pace of manner.^[28] With access to European fashion and clothes, those with loftier social status relied on adopting those elements to distinguish themselves from the balance. Juana Catarina Romero was a successful entrepreneur and pioneer in this motion.

Malaysia [edit]

In Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur is the major style and product city.^[29] and Malaysia Way Week^[30]

Fashion design terms [edit]

• A mode designer conceives garment combinations of line, proportion, colour, and texture. While sewing and pattern-making skills are beneficial, they are not a pre-requisite of successful mode design. Most fashion designers are formally trained or apprenticed.
• A technical designer works with the design team and the factories overseas to ensure correct garment structure, advisable fabric choices and a good fit. The technical designer fits the garment samples on a fit model, and decides which fit and construction changes to make before mass-producing the garment.
• A pattern maker (also referred as blueprint principal or pattern cutter) drafts the shapes and sizes of a garment'due south pieces. This may be done manually with paper and measuring tools or by using a CAD computer software program. Some other method is to drape fabric direct onto a wearing apparel course. The resulting pattern pieces tin be constructed to produce the intended design of the garment and required size. Formal training is usually required for working as a blueprint marker.
• A tailor makes custom designed garments fabricated to the customer's measure out; specially suits (coat and trousers, jacket and brim, et cetera). Tailors commonly undergo an apprenticeship or other formal training.
• A cloth designer designs fabric weaves and prints for wearing apparel and effects. Nearly textile designers are formally trained as apprentices and in school.
• A stylist co-ordinates the clothes, jewelry, and accessories used in style photography and catwalk presentations. A stylist may also work with an individual client to design a coordinated wardrobe of garments. Many stylists are trained in way design, the history of way, and historical costume, and accept a high level of expertise in the current mode market place and hereafter market place trends. However, some only accept a stiff aesthetic sense for pulling great looks together.
• A fashion buyer selects and buys the mix of clothing available in retail shops, department stores, and chain stores. Most way buyers are trained in business and/or fashion studies.
• A seamstress sews ready-to-article of clothing or mass-produced clothing by mitt or with a sewing motorcar, either in a garment store or as a sewing machine operator in a mill. She (or he) may not accept the skills to make (design and cut) the garments, or to fit them on a model.
• A dressmaker specializes in custom-made women'due south clothes: day, cocktail, and evening dresses, business concern apparel and suits, trousseaus, sports clothes, and lingerie.
• A fashion forecaster predicts what colours, styles and shapes will be popular ("on-trend") before the garments are on sale in stores.
• A model wears and displays clothes at way shows and in photographs.
• A fit model aids the mode designer by wearing and commenting on the fit of wearing apparel during their blueprint and pre-manufacture. Fit models demand to exist a item size for this purpose.
• A style journalist writes fashion articles describing the garments presented or fashion trends, for magazines or newspapers.

See too [edit]

• Fashion
• Style accessory
• Fashion design copyright
• Haute couture
• History of fashion design
• History of western fashion
• List of fashion designers
• List of fashion education programs
• List of fashion topics
• Runway (mode)
• Sustainable fashion
• Textile design
• Western dress codes

References [edit]

1. ^ McKay, Dawn Rosenberg. "What Does a Manner Designer Do?". the balance careers. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
2. ^ ^{a b} Sterlacci, Francesca. "What Is a Fashion Designer?". Love to Know. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
3. ^ Hebrero, Miguel (2015-10-15). Mode Buying and Merchandising: From mass-market to luxury retail. Printed in the USA: CreateSpace. ISBN9781517632946.
4. ^ "fashion industry | Design, Fashion Shows, Marketing, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2020-10-14 .
5. ^ "What is Haute Couture?". Haute Couture Hot. HauteCoutureNews.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
6. ^ Pauline Weston Thomas. "Haute Couture Fashion History" (Article). Fashion-Era.com. Fashion-Era.com. Retrieved thirteen May 2012.
7. ^ "Haute couture: Making a loss is the summit of fashion". telegraph.co.uk.
8. ^ ^{a b} Hirscher and Niinimaki. Fashion Activism through Participatory Pattern. tenth European Academy of Design Conference, Crafting the Future, Apr 2013, Helinski, Finland. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304354045_Fashion_Activism_through_Participatory_Design
9. ^ von Busch, O. Style-able, Hacktivism and engaged Fashion Blueprint, PhD Thesis, School of Pattern and Crafts (HDK), Gothenburg. 2008, https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/17941/3/gupea_2077_17941_3.pdf.
10. ^ Catherine Valenti (i May 2012). "Designers Flock to Mass-Marketplace Retailers" (Article). ABC News . Retrieved 13 May 2012.
11. ^ Sameer Reddy (31 Oct 2008). "Out from Underground" (Article). The Daily Beast. Newsweek Mag. Retrieved thirteen May 2012.
12. ^ Stephania Lara (22 June 2010). "Mass market broached by high-terminate fashion". The Prospector. College Media Network. Archived from the original (Article) on ii November 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
13. ^ Bethan Cole (2 May 2012). "Kitsch pickings" (Article). Financial Times Online: Style. The Fiscal Times Ltd. Retrieved thirteen May 2012.
14. ^ "Fashion Designers". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
15. ^ "Designers". umsl.edu.
16. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-ten . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
17. ^ The big four style capitals of the world
18. ^ "Paris once once again the world's undisputed fashion capital". The Dki jakarta Postal service . Retrieved 2020-11-30 .
19. ^ Holgate, Marker, ′How Anthony Vaccarello Is Making Saint Laurent His Own′, (February. thirteen, 2018), Vogue March 2018, https://world wide web.vogue.com/commodity/anthony-vaccarello-interview-vogue-march-2018-issue, Retrieved 3 March 2018.
20. ^ Castiglione, Baldassare (1903). The Volume of the Courtier (PDF). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 103.
21. ^ "En España se viste muy bien". GQ Magazine. December 3, 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-23 .
22. ^ Strijbos, Bram. [fashionweekweb.com "Milan Style Calendar week"]. Fashion United. CS1 maint: url-status (link)
23. ^ Broun, Samantha (6 April 2006). "Designing a global make". CNN World. Archived from the original on 26 Oct 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
24. ^ "Zurich labels". Zurich labels: Media Information. Zurich Tourism. January 2012. Retrieved xiii May 2012.
25. ^ Anawalt, Patricia Rieff, 1924- (2007). The worldwide history of dress : with over 1000 illustrations, 900 in color . Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-51363-7. OCLC 864489266. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
26. ^ Anawalt, Patricia Rieff, 1924- (2007). The worldwide history of wearing apparel : with over grand illustrations, 900 in colour . Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-51363-7. OCLC 864489266. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
27. ^ ^{a b} Valdiosera, Ramón. "Rosa Mexicano: Moda y Marca." Artes De México, no. 111, 2013, pp. lx–65.
28. ^ Chassen-López, Francie. "The Traje de Tehuana every bit National Icon: Gender, Ethnicity, and Fashion in Mexico." The Americas, vol. 71 no. 2, 2014, p. 281-314. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/tam.2014.0134.
29. ^ Kuala Lumpur Manner WEEK
30. ^ / Malaysia Fashion Week

Bibliography [edit]

• Breward, Christopher, The civilisation of manner: a new history of fashionable dress, Manchester: Manchester Academy Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7190-4125-9
• Hollander, Anne, Seeing through clothes, Berkeley: Academy of California Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-520-08231-1
• Hollander, Anne, Sex and suits: the evolution of modern dress, New York: Knopf, 1994, ISBN 978-0-679-43096-4
• Hollander, Anne, Feeding the middle: essays, New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999, ISBN 978-0-374-28201-1
• Hollander, Anne, Textile of vision: dress and drapery in painting, London: National Gallery, 2002, ISBN 978-0-300-09419-0
• Kawamura, Yuniya, Fashion-ology: an introduction to Fashion Studies, Oxford and New York: Berg, 2005, ISBN ane-85973-814-ane
• Lipovetsky, Gilles (translated by Catherine Porter), The empire of manner: dressing modern democracy, Woodstock: Princeton Academy Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-691-10262-seven
• McDermott, Kathleen, Style for all: why fashion, invented by kings, now belongs to all of usa (An illustrated history), 2010, ISBN 978-0-557-51917-0 — Many hand-drawn color illustrations, extensive annotated bibliography and reading guide
• Mckay Rosenberg, Dawn, Mode designer job description: Salary, skills, & more. Retrieved May x, 2021, from https://www.thebalancecareers.com/fashion-designer-526016
• Perrot, Philippe (translated by Richard Bienvenu), Fashioning the suburbia: a history of clothing in the nineteenth century, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Printing, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00081-vii
• Steele, Valerie, Paris fashion: a cultural history, (ii. ed., rev. and updated), Oxford: Berg, 1998, ISBN 978-1-85973-973-0
• Steele, Valerie, Fifty years of style: new look to now, New Haven: Yale Academy Printing, 2000, ISBN 978-0-300-08738-3
• Steele, Valerie, Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005
• Strijbos, Bram. (2021, May 10). All the news about Milan Fashion week on FashionUnited. Retrieved May ten, 2021, from https://fashionweekweb.com/milan-fashion-calendar week
• Sterlacci, Francesca. (n.d.). What is a fashion designer? Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/mode-clothing-manufacture/what-is-manner-designer

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